Well, that about wraps it up for chapbooks – I’ve just catalogued the last one on my book trolley. The term chapbook was coined in the 19th century by bibliophiles to denote ephemera such as pamphlets, religious and political tracts, nursery rhymes, folk tales, poetry, ballads, children’s literature and almanacs, although to be honest, no one really knows what the definition of a chapbook is.
When I started out cataloguing chapbooks I was fascinated by their smallness and their wonderful woodcuts, but the novelty soon wore off. I must admit that I won’t be disappointed if I never have to look at a copy of “Who killed Cock Robin?”/ “The death and burial of Cock Robin”/”An elegy on the death and burial of Cock Robin,” ever again. The variant titles of this children’s story in verse are self explanatory. I’m sorry to admit that the one aspect of this miserable tale that enlivened my mood was the woodcut illustrating Cock Robin himself lying flat on his back with his legs in the air, an arrow sticking out of his chest. I know it shouldn’t, but this made me smile.
However, the prevalence of Cock Robin in my book boxes was as nothing to the ubiquity of that other chapbook staple “The children in the wood,” popularly known as “The babes in the wood,” first published in Norwich in 1595. What a sorry little tale this is. For those of you mercifully unfamiliar with it, it relies on that stock villain, the wicked uncle. The parents of two small children both die at the same time (somewhat irresponsibly, in my view) and on their joint deathbed consign their helpless offspring to the clutches of their uncle. To be fair on the chap (now there’s an interesting thought – why has that abbreviated version of our hawker of cheap street literature evolved to convey an all round standard bloke?), he looks after them for a while until he reads the terms of the parents’ will and discovers that he would benefit to the tune of several hundred pounds on the occasion of the children’s untimely deaths. This is when things really start to go downhill for the eponymous babes. The uncle hires two “sturdy ruffians” to take them into the woods and kill them. One of the villains relents on hearing the innocent, lisping prattle of the two babes, and refuses to carry out the murder; a quarrel ensues and the “milder” cut-throat kills the other. He tells the babes that he will bring them some food, and, convincing himself that a passing traveller will discover them, leaves them alone in the woods, never to return. The children starve to death. It’s as stark as that. You will be glad to hear that all kinds of disasters befall the wicked uncle and he dies in prison.
However, perhaps I do the purveyors of this sensationalist literature a disservice. I was interested to see that one of the many 19th century copies of this grim children’s tale that I have catalogued is entitled “The children in the wood, or, The Norfolk tragedy.” Apparently local folklore has it that the events told in “Babes in the Wood” originally happened in Wayland Wood, reputedly the third oldest wood in England, dating back to the Doomsday Book, in which the Wayland Hundred is referred to as Wane-lond. Various theories have been advanced as to how the legend of the babes came to be associated with Wayland Wood, one being that there used to be a carved wooden overmantel in the nearby Elizabethan manor house Griston Hall, where the uncle is said to have lived, which depicted the story of the babes. Apparently the tale of the babes in the wood has never been associated with any other place during its long folkloric career, so perhaps we have a real Elizabethan crime which morphed into legend. Inevitably local tradition has it that the ghosts of the murdered children haunt Wayland Wood, hence the popular name “Wailing Wood.” The village signs at both Griston and nearby Watton depict the story. When in 1879, the tree that the babes had reputedly been left under was struck by lightning and destroyed, the popularity of the legend had grown to such an extent that people visited the site, hoping for souvenirs (of the tree, presumably).
If it seems to stretch our credulity that two small children should be lost for so long that they starved, this arresting account by a local may bring home to us the desperate plight of the children:
Having known this wood all my life I can remember my father taking me to the keeper’s cottage when I was about seven and asking the keeper if he would show us the tree under which the babes were reputed to have been found, buried by a robin covering them with leaves. He escorted us far in to the wood and stopping by the stump of a large tree, informed us that this was where they died, the tree having been destroyed by lightning in August 1879. As we made our way back to the road I realised how difficult this would have been without our guide, with so many overgrown paths criss crossing each other in all directions. At this time it was not unknown on shooting days for one of the beaters to get lost in the wood during the last “drive” of the day, with darkness falling fast. Occasionally it meant he had to wait until morning light to find his way out. This would not happen today, as one can hear the continuous roar of traffic passing along the road and head towards it. None the less 30 years ago, when “birding” in the wood with a naturalist friend, we came upon an elderly man whom 1 knew very well, but owing to his dishevelled appearance did not recognise at once. He had grown a beard, was painfully thin and obviously so weak he could hardly stand. Although he managed a slight movement of his lips, no sound was forthcoming and we realised he was in a very serious condition. Informing the police, we were surprised to learn that he had been missing for three weeks and that they had spent many hours searching for him … It appeared that he had strolled far into the wood one afternoon and was unable to find his way out again … http://www.historyofwatton.org.uk/wattonttages/053.htm
So perhaps this unpleasant little tale has its origins in history rather than in some warped imagination. Nevertheless, the fact is that Victorians loved this kind of sensational, sentimental tabloid storytelling. The fact that I have had to plough through so many copies of this dismal tale testifies to its assimilation into the popular imagination. Indeed, the expression “babes in the wood” survives to this day as shorthand for inexperienced innocents making their way in a wicked world.
It’s interesting to speculate on this “evil uncle hires two murderers to despatch troublesome children” story – how far back in the mists of time does its folk tale origin reach? It almost certainly pre-dates the Norfolk version, having its roots in inheritance struggles, whether for money or power. Did the stock character of the wicked uncle just happen to be borne out by a real crime in Norfolk some time in the 16th century? And for those of us troubled by a nagging sense of familiarity, could the existence of such an archetype lend credence to those Richard III advocates out there who claim him as a victim of Tudor propagandists? Could those canny Tudors have been tapping into folk imagination to besmirch the Plantagenet’s name? Just how far back do wicked uncles trace their heritage? But I digress …
Previously, in Wayland Wood …
Still, it’s not all bad news. Imagine my delight when I came across the following antidote to all this misery, with the stirring title:
“Perfidy detected! or, The children in the wood restored, by Honestas, the hermit of the forest”
with the following explanatory subtitle further down the title page:
“who were supposed to have been either murdered or starved to death, by order of their inhuman uncle ; being the continuation of The history of the children in the wood.” (my italics).
What’s to continue? you might ask, with everyone dead …
The logistics of this reworking are a bit hazy; not only do the babes survive, but even the dead parents aren’t dead after all. No matter, someone else had obviously had enough of this wretched story and decided to set everything to rights again, even if it meant glossing over minor technicalities of logic and plot integrity.
Postscript
I had one of those satisfying connection moments, when I read that it was a robin who covered the children’s bodies with leaves – could it have been Cock Robin himself? Before he was brutally murdered, obviously.
Tower Project Blog 
